Aristotle's Theory of the Constitution: Middle Class Democracy and the Best Form of Government

Introduction

Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers in history, has left an indelible mark on the study of politics and governance. His work The Politics is a comprehensive treatise on the nature of political communities and the best form of government. In this article, we will delve into Aristotle's theory of the constitution, focusing on his views that a democracy where the middle class holds power is the optimal form of government for most communities. We will explore how he arrived at this conclusion and the arguments he presented to support his position.

The Framework of Political Science

In The Politics, Aristotle outlines the different forms of government, categorizing tyrannies, monarchies, and various types of constitutions. His approach is rooted in empirical observation and logical deduction. According to Aristotle, the ideal state is one that is just and operates in the best interests of its citizens. To achieve this, it is essential to understand the various social and economic classes within the state and how they interact.

The Middle Class: The Key to Good Governance

Aristotle identifies the middle class as crucial to the well-being of the state. In The Politics, Book III, Ch. 15, he argues that a city-state where the middle class forms the majority is most likely to be well-governed (par. 21). His reasoning is based on the notion that the middle class is the most stable and balanced segment of society. They are neither overly rich nor poor, which prevents the extremes of wealth and poverty from destabilizing the state.

According to Aristotle, the middle class possesses a sense of proportion and a willingness to compromise, making them adept at maintaining a stable government. They are not so unlike the aristocracy as to require the presence of powerful elites, yet they are not so poor as to become easily exploited by the ruling class. This middle class majority leads to a more equitable distribution of power and resources (par. 35).

Building the Argument in The Politics

Aristotle further elaborates on his argument in The Politics, Book IV, Ch. 11, where he states, “It is clear therefore that the political community that depends on those in the middle is best too and that city-states can be well governed where those in the middle are numerous and stronger” (par. 35). He supports this claim with a series of logical arguments and empirical evidence.

Economic Stability: Aristotle argues that cities with a significant middle class are more economically stable. The wealthy can invest and provide capital, while the poor have some economic cushion. The middle class, having both resources and stability, can support the state financially without financial burden leading to political instability (par. 25). Political Stability: The presence of a strong middle class acts as a buffer against the extremes. Wealthy individuals, if left unchecked, might seek to dominate the state, while the poor might resort to violence. The middle class, with their rationality and sense of proportion, are less likely to engage in extreme actions, thus maintaining political stability (par. 27). Ethical Balance: Aristotle believes that a society where the middle class holds power is more ethical. The middle class embodies a balance between extremes – neither too liberal nor too harsh. They promote social harmony and justice (par. 30).

Conclusion

In conclusion, Aristotle's theory of the constitution posits that the best form of government is a democracy where the middle class is the majority. His arguments are compelling and draw from a deep understanding of human nature and society. The stability and ethical balance provided by a strong middle class are essential for the long-term success of a political community. As we reflect on political theories and their applicability in the modern world, it is worth considering Aristotle's insights and the enduring relevance of his ideas.

References

1. Aristotle, The Politics,translated by Benjamin Jowett, Oxford University Press.