Epictetus' Views on Socrates and Plato: Similarities and Differences in Philosophical Beliefs

Among the prominent figures in ancient Greek philosophy, Socrates and Plato stand out as ideal benchmarks for discussing ethical and metaphysical beliefs. Epictetus, a prominent Stoic philosopher, also left a significant mark with his unique views. In this article, we explore the similarities and differences in Epictetus' opinions on Socrates and Plato, shedding light on whether he shared their philosophical beliefs or held different perspectives.

Similarities in Epictetus and Socrates/Plato

Both Stoics Epictetus and Plato shared a profound belief in the importance of a good will. They considered moral duty as the highest priority, even when faced with societal indifference or potential harm. Similarly, they believed that morality and ethics stemmed from a rational mind that can grasp timeless truths. Both philosophical schools recognized that ethical actions should not depend on societal approval, reputational concerns, or potential legal ramifications.
One striking similarity between Socrates and Epictetus is their stature in facing death. Both approached death with calmness and bravery, highlighting the supreme value they placed on moral integrity and philosophical principles.

Differences in Philosophical Metaphysics

While Epictetus and Plato shared a certain moral vision, the metaphysical underpinnings of their philosophies diverge. The Stoic metaphysics was simpler and more pragmatic, focusing on ethical and practical concerns. Stoicism accepted the reality of souls and the existence of gods, with a belief that ethical behavior would be rewarded in a more just and moral universe. In contrast, Plato's metaphysics was more cerebral and complex. He proposed a world of Forms or Ideas that transcended the physical realm and were seen as more real than the observable world.

Plato's Conception of Ideal State vs. Epictetus' Stoic Ethics

A notable difference lies in their respective conceptions of ideal states and just governance. Plato's ideal state encompassed a hierarchical society where philosopher-kings, guided by the truths of the Forms, could rule with wisdom. This vision allowed for deliberate lies to protect the masses, which aligns more with democratic philosophies. However, this approach diverges significantly from Stoic ethics, which emphasizes truthfulness and ethical consistency in governance. Stoic ethics would argue that lying, even for a higher purpose, is never justified.

Implications and Legacy

The contrast between these philosophies provides a nuanced understanding of their lasting impact. Socrates and Plato's concepts continue to influence modern ethical and political discussions, while Epictetus' ideas have shaped the Stoic tradition. These varied perspectives have contributed to the rich tapestry of Western philosophy and continue to be valorized in contemporary debates.

By analyzing Epictetus' views on Socrates and Plato, we gain a deeper insight into the diverse schools of thought in ancient Greece and their enduring relevance in understanding moral and metaphysical questions.