Introduction to Sign Language Diversity
Sign language, a powerful form of communication, transcends borders and cultures. However, the diversity within this global language network means that not all sign languages are universal or interchangeable. This article explores the universality and communication aspects of sign languages, focusing on examples from around the world, including American Sign Language (ASL) and Indigenous sign languages such as Indian Sign Language (ISL).
Sign Languages Across Countries
Almost every country has its unique sign language, reflecting the linguistic and cultural variations. For instance, in Canada, while American Sign Language (ASL) is widely used, French-speaking regions employ a different sign language called Quebec Sign Language (LSQ). This highlights the complexity and regional nature of sign languages.
Common Signs and Regional Differences
Interestingly, some signs are shared across different sign languages. Anecdotal evidence suggests that in Egypt, some deaf individuals were able to communicate with individuals fluent in ASL, despite not understanding certain signs, such as the ASL sign for "good luck." This shared vocabulary underscores the potential for cross-language communication in selected contexts.
International Events and Sign Language
The International Association of the Deaf (IAD) hosted a deaf Olympics in Bulgaria, where sign language was used as a medium for expression. Some memorable instances included deaf spectators signing "America stinks" (a non-offensive sign for America followed by a gesture of holding the nose) to express their sentiments.
Is Sign Language Universal?
Despite the rich diversity of sign languages, the assumption of universality is challenged by the distinct nature of different sign languages. Research indicates that signed languages like American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL) are entirely different languages and do not share the same roots as their oral counterparts. Similarly, Mexican Sign Language (MXSL) and Spanish Sign Language (SEPA) are independent of each other, reflecting the complex linguistic landscape.
Language Families in Sign Language
Likewise, some sign languages belong to language families, akin to their oral counterparts. For example, ASL, French Sign Language (LSF), and Flemish Sign Language (VGT) all belong to the Benberry language family, regardless of the spoken languages in their respective regions. This linguistic connection is fascinating and often overlooked.
Indigenous Sign Languages in North America
In North America, the Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL) played a significant role in trade and communication among different Native American tribes. Linguists argue that PISL is complex enough to be considered a full-fledged language, spoken by some deaf individuals within these communities.
Isolation and Endangerment of Sign Languages
Sign languages within indigenous communities are also facing challenges. Navajo Family Sign, for instance, is an isolated language, while Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language has largely been replaced by ASL and is at risk of extinction. These cases highlight the pressures on smaller sign languages from dominant, more widely used languages.
Conclusion
While the idea of a universal sign language is appealing, it is essential to recognize the diversity and regional specificity of sign languages. This understanding is crucial for effective communication, cultural preservation, and linguistic research. The study of sign languages provides valuable insights into human communication patterns and the importance of preserving linguistic diversity.