How U.S. Soldiers Called for Air Strikes in Vietnam

During the Vietnam War, the United States developed a sophisticated system to call for air strikes, a system known as Forward Air Controllers (FACs). This system, which involved specialized personnel and precise communication protocols, was crucial for providing ground troops with timely and accurate air support. In this article, we will explore the details of this remarkable system, the communication protocols used, and the role of both ground and air forces in executing these critical operations.

Communication: The Role of Forward Air Controllers (FACs)

Forward Air Controllers, or FACs, were specially trained fighter pilots, sometimes even ground troops, who were gifted with exceptional coordination and navigation skills. These FACs were responsible for identifying targets, relaying information, and coordinating air strikes. They operated from small aircraft or from the ground and relied heavily on radio communication to ensure clarity and security.

Target Identification and Communication

Target Identification: Ground troops would communicate their needs for air support to the FACs via radio, often using specific call signs and codes. This was a vital step in ensuring that the FACs could identify the correct targets from a distance. The ground troops would provide details such as target position, distance, and range from their current location.

Communication: The radio communication was a critical component of the system. Both the ground troops and the FACs used radio equipment to send and receive information. The ground troops used specific codes and call signs to ensure that only the intended personnel could understand the messages. This was necessary to maintain security and prevent unauthorized personnel from accessing sensitive information.

Target Marking and Air Strike Coordination

Target Marking: Once the FACs had identified the target, they used various methods to mark it. These methods included the use of smoke grenades or flares, which were visible to the air support units. The ground troops would either physically place these markers or use radios to provide coordinates to the FACs.

Air Strike Coordination: The FACs would then relay the necessary information to the air support units, including the target's location, type, and the required munitions. This information was critical for the successful execution of the air strike. The air support units, often guided by the FACs, would then carry out the strike with the aim of minimizing collateral damage and ensuring accuracy.

A Personal Experience: Calling in Artillery and Air Strikes

As a second lieutenant commanding a combat engineer company, I held a top security clearance to access sensitive information concerning my battalion and company's location and operations. I wore a coded ID on a chain around my neck, which allowed for radio transmission of my ID authority and requests for artillery or air strikes. The coded information included elements that changed daily to prevent the enemy from using lost or stolen data to call in friendly fire.

The coded information was essential for maintaining security and preventing unauthorized personnel from accessing critical information. I, along with other officers, wore these coded IDs and used them to request air and artillery support. During the monsoon season, we frequently relied on the FACs to coordinate air strikes, as the weather made it difficult to rely solely on ground-based artillery.

On the radio, the communication between ground troops and the incoming aircraft was even more critical. As an air traffic controller, I had to provide details such as altimeter settings, airspeed, and air direction to the incoming fighters to ensure their safety and accuracy. The fixed-wing bird dogs, also known as FACs, played a significant role in calling in air strikes, especially during the monsoon season when ground-based air support was more challenging to utilize.

Conclusion

The system of calling for air strikes in Vietnam was a complex and vital operation that involved the coordination of specialized personnel, precise communication protocols, and the use of advanced technology. The success of this system depended on the ability of ground troops and air forces to communicate effectively and work together towards a common goal. The use of Forward Air Controllers and the reliance on radio communication played a crucial role in providing ground troops with the air support they needed to succeed on the battlefield.