Reservation in Education and Society: A Critical Analysis
The reservation system in India is a complex and debatable topic that has been under intense scrutiny. Despite the constitution providing reservations for socially, economically, and educationally backward communities, particularly Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), for a limited period, it continues to be a contentious issue today.
Historical Context and Objectives of Reservation
Reservations have their roots in the 1932 Communal Award, a deal brokered by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, which proposed a separate reservation for Dalits to live and work under a system akin to the H-1B work permit. The primary objective was to uplift SCs and STs, who were historically marginalized and discriminated against. These communities were deemed 'backward' in terms of social, economic, and educational status, and the reservation system aimed to provide them with equal opportunities.
While the reservation provided opportunities for SCs and STs, the initial intent was to bring them to par with the upper castes within a decade. However, seventy years after India's independence, these communities continue to face discrimination and lag behind in terms of social and educational status.
Caste-Based Discrimination in the 21st Century
Caste-based discrimination persists in India, not as a relic of the past but as a pervasive reality in the 21st century. Despite the presence of reservation, individuals from SCs and STs are still often perceived as lower in social hierarchy, even when they are wealthier. This perpetuation of caste-based discrimination is reflected in social interactions and attitudes.
For instance, a wealthy person from an SC family may still be treated with disdain by poorer Brahmins. This societal prejudice is so ingrained that the upper caste may not share meals with lower castes or engage in inter-caste marriages. This discrimination is not limited to rural areas; it continues in urban and semi-urban settings as well.
Revisiting the Reservation System
One of the primary debates surrounding the reservation system is whether it should be based on social, economic, or educational criteria. Presently, the system disproportionately benefits those who are both poor and from marginalized communities, without considering the social status of individuals within these categories.
Some argue that reservations should only be granted to economically disadvantaged individuals, regardless of caste. This argument suggests that a wealthy person from an SC community does not need reservation, while a poor Brahmin does. However, this approach fails to address the underlying social discrimination faced by SCs and STs. Moreover, it risks the upper castes monopolizing all educational and job opportunities.
The Future of Reservation
The removal of reservation is a subject of heated debate. It is argued that reservations should continue until the SCs and STs are socially, economically, and educationally at par with the upper castes. Only then should the system be dismantled, ensuring that every individual, regardless of caste or economic status, has equal opportunities.
However, it is equally important to consider making provisions for economically disadvantaged members of the upper castes, who may face similar challenges in accessing opportunities due to poverty or other social factors. This holistic approach can help ensure a fair and just society for all.