Is Stoicism a Practical Philosophy for Modern Living or an Intellectual Exercise?
Stoicism, an ancient philosophy that has gained renewed popularity in recent years, can be seen as a practical philosophy for modern living or merely an intellectual exercise. The answer largely depends on how one adopts and applies its principles.
Stoic Physics and Cosmology
The ancient Stoics posited that the universe is rationally organized, down to its finest details. This belief aligns with their view that matter is infused with a 'fiery breath' that animates and organizes it into various forms. Contrary to what other philosophers and scientists of the time were theorizing about the atom, the Stoics clung to the older four-element system of earth, air, fire, and water. Their naturalistic explanations of astronomical phenomena, weather, and other curiosities of the ancient Greeks were, in essence, variations on themes that had been explored two centuries before.
Physical Laws and Fate
The Stoics also drew heavily on the ideas of Heraclitus, emphasizing an attitude of resigned acceptance. This approach made sense given their perception of the universe: a place governed by Fate, where much of what happens is beyond our control. Epictetus famously advised that we should “wish for everything to happen as it actually does happen.” There is little point in getting worked up about things that you cannot change, and no reason to overly attach yourself to possessions or relationships that are destined to end.
Living in the Moment
Marcus Aurelius, one of the most influential Stoic philosophers, advocated for viewing life with urgency and mindfulness. His famous exhortation to live each day as if it were your last embodies the Stoic philosophy of finding meaning and beauty in the present moment. For Marcus, the brevity of life was a comfort: 'be not troubled for things are according to Universal Nature and in a little while you will be no one and nowhere.'
The Pursuit of Freedom
Seneca, another prominent Stoic, was deeply preoccupied with the concept of death. He saw suicide as the ultimate expression of individual freedom. His question, 'what highway leads to freedom?,' highlights the dichotomy between life and death and the Stoic view of the soul as transient. This perspective aligns with the Stoic belief that the universe, while organized by a benevolent Providence, was not created out of nothing by a deity. The Stoic view also dispels any notion of immortal souls, instead focusing on the vast and orderly cosmos around us.
Biblical Overtones and Social Duty
The Stoic system is not only about selfless devotion to others; it also emphasizes the vanity of the world and the importance of a clear and pure conscience. Epictetus placed great importance on having a 'pure heart,' warning against corrupting thoughts and actions. When a beautiful woman walked by, he advised not even allowing the thought, 'Her husband is lucky!' This advice struck a chord with early Christian thinkers, who appreciated the Stoic themes of tempering turbulent passions and striving for a simple, honest life.
Modern Relevance
Despite being rooted in ancient Greek philosophy, Stoicism remains a practical philosophy for modern living. In today's fast-paced and often chaotic world, the principles of Stoicism can provide a foundation for resilience, mindfulness, and ethical living. Whether viewed as an intellectual exercise or a practical approach to daily life, the legacy of Stoicism continues to resonate with individuals seeking clarity, inner peace, and a deeper connection to the world around them.