Teaching Strategies for Enhancing Working Memory in Individuals
Working memory (WM) is a critical cognitive function that enables the temporary storage and manipulation of information. It plays a vital role in a myriad of everyday tasks, from mental arithmetic to reading comprehension. However, for individuals with a poor working memory, specialized teaching strategies can be crucial. In this article, we explore learning strategies that are progressively applied and effective in enhancing WM.
Understanding Working Memory
Working memory is a component of our short-term memory and it operates by holding and manipulating small amounts of information. Strategies to enhance working memory fall into several categories, from explicit instruction to multisensory techniques. These strategies are not only beneficial for individuals with poor working memory but can also be adapted to aid learning in the general population.
Learning Strategies for Working Memory
Explicit Instruction: Explicit instruction involves direct teaching where concepts, skills, and words are explained clearly to the learner. This is a foundational approach that can help individuals understand and retain information more effectively. Teachers should use simple and concise language, and provide detailed explanations to avoid confusion.
Individualized Concrete Approaches: Tailored methods focus on individual needs. For example, using concrete examples or real-world applications can make abstract concepts more relatable and easier to understand. This technique is particularly useful for visual or kinesthetic learners who may struggle with traditional teaching methods.
Multisensory Techniques: Engaging multiple senses simultaneously enhances learning. This can include using visual aids, auditory prompts, and hands-on activities. For instance, when teaching math concepts, using physical objects (like blocks or counters) while simultaneously repeating the steps verbally can help reinforce understanding.
Activity-Based Learning: Engaging learners in active tasks can improve their cognitive engagement and retention. This might involve problem-solving activities, puzzles, or interactive games that require the use of working memory. Regular practice with these activities can gradually improve WM capacity over time.
Challenges and Myths in Working Memory Training
While various techniques have been developed to train working memory, the results have been mixed. Some studies claim to have achieved success, but often with limitations. The general consensus among researchers is that while working memory training can improve scores on certain tests, the improvements may not necessarily translate into practical benefits in everyday life.
The claim by Jaeggi and colleagues to have improved intelligence through working memory training has not held up under scrutiny. Multiple researchers have attempted to replicate these findings, and many studies have found issues with the initial research design. For a deeper understanding of why this approach is ineffective, refer to the subsequent sections.
Insufficient Evidence
Several studies have been conducted to determine whether working memory training can improve intelligence in healthy young adults. One notable study, "Working memory training does not improve intelligence in healthy young adults" by Weng-Tink Chooi and Lee A. Thompson, was published in Intelligence and found no significant improvements in intelligence regardless of the training methods used.
The research also highlights that no demonstrations have been made to show that working memory training provides practical benefits. This has led to skepticism about the efficacy of such training programs.
Marketing Fiascos: Brain Training Games
Businesses have capitalized on the widespread interest in enhancing working memory with brain training games. While these games promise to improve mental performance, many have been found to make false claims. One prominent example is Lumosity, whose ads were alleged by the FTC to be misleading. The company was accused of failing to disclose that many of its testimonials were solicited via contests with prizes.
In a settlement agreement, Lumos Labs agreed to pay a massive fine of 50 million dollars, but a district court suspended most of the payment because the company couldn't afford it. This case is not an isolated incident, and many similar brain training games have been scrutinized and found wanting.
For a closer look at the allegations, see the articles linked below. These articles offer additional insights and information on the FTC's actions against Lumosity and other similar companies.
Further Reading
FTC's Allegations Against Lumosity FTC Announces $2 Million Fine for Lumosity’s Deceptive Advertising Lumosity Fined for Making False Claims About Brain Health BenefitsWhile explicit instruction, multisensory techniques, and activity-based learning can be effective, it is important to approach them with a critical eye and seek out evidence-based methods. Working memory training should be part of a broader educational strategy rather than a standalone solution for improving cognitive abilities.
Conclusion
Enhancing working memory is crucial for academic and professional success. Effective teaching strategies can be tailored to meet individual needs and improve WM. However, it is essential to recognize the limitations of working memory training and to seek evidence-based methodologies. By doing so, we can ensure that individuals receive the support they need to succeed in their learning and personal goals.