The Complex Identity of Russian Jews: Affinity and Belonging
Throughout history, the self-identification of Russian Jews has been complex and multifaceted. This self-identity is often shaped by the unique experiences of living in a country with significant anti-Semitic policies and societal attitudes. The question of loyalty and affiliation towards Russia or Israel is not straightforward and remains a deeply personal and challenging issue.
Shimon Markish, a notable poet and activist, summed up the struggles of Russian Jews when he responded to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's Antisemitism: Its Origin and Nature. Markish's poignant response reflected the shared experience of many Russian Jews, where the Russian government and society often treated them as outsiders.
A Shifting Sense of Belonging
Growing up in Moscow, Russian Jews often started as patriotic towards Russia as any other citizen. However, their patriotism often became an obligation and a source of shame. They were regularly reminded that their loyalty was unwelcome. This shifting sense of belonging to their country led to a deep personal and emotional struggle.
One of the earliest experiences often cited by Russian Jews is the accusation or realization that their last name was Jewish. In preschool, an antisemitic child mocked a Jewish friend's last name, which caused a profound sense of shame. This experience set a tone for years to come, even triggering a generational pride and pride in their heritage.
Experiences of Discrimination and Harassment
Discrimination against Russian Jews was prevalent in various forms. For instance, a Russian gold medalist Jewish student was denied access to university education in her field, while a non-Jewish friend of similar academic merit was accepted. Similarly, a Jewish father's career opportunities were significantly limited due to his ethnicity, leading him to pursue a career abroad.
Furthermore, acts of violence against Russian Jews were not uncommon. Family members, friends, and neighbors faced physical harm and verbal humiliation. These events often led to a lifetime of restrictions, such as a parent's decision to ensure their daughter didn't leave home alone until she was 17. Such experiences are not unique to Russian Jews but are shared among various ethnic and religious minorities in Eastern European countries.
Living in Israel
For many Russian Jews, the experience in Israel was no less challenging. Though Jewish immigrants faced less severe physical dangers, the mental and emotional stress was profound. The example given of three immediate neighbors committing suicide within a short time, despite the potential for a better life, underscores the deep sense of alienation many felt in their adopted homeland.
Perceptions and Social Integration
The feeling of being unloved and unwanted was pervasive, even when Israel sought to highlight the desirability of Russian Jewish immigrants. The government's recruitment efforts, though well-intentioned, were often undermined by internal policies that contradicted their outward message. This dichotomy created a daunting reality for many, leading to feelings of betrayal and disillusionment.
The Move to the US
The United States provided a stark contrast to both Russia and Israel as a destination. Life in the US allowed Russian Jews to live without facing direct anti-Semitic barriers, fostering a sense of belonging and acceptance. The US is a nation of immigrants, and Russian Jews were welcomed without the constant reminders of their "foreign" status.
However, not everything in the US is perfect, and the author acknowledges that there are areas where it falls short. Yet, the sense of freedom from discrimination and the ease of integration are unparalleled.
Conclusion
The story concludes with a personal anecdote about a conversation with a Swedish hippie who shared similar experiences of alienation. This example emphasizes the universal nature of the challenges faced by minority groups, regardless of their ethnicity or religious affiliation.
The sentiment captured by the author in the last paragraph is a powerful reminder that the quest for belonging and identity is a universal human experience, and the journey of assimilation and self-discovery is ongoing for many.