The Evolution and Impact of War Submarines: From Balao to Type XXI
In the realm of military history, few technologies have had as significant an impact as submarines. These underwater war machines have shaped the course of numerous conflicts, from World War II to the Cold War. However, the term 'best' is often subjective. Efficiency, speed, stealth, and capability are key factors that differ in design and performance. This article delves into the history of two iconic submarine classes: the United States' Balao-class and Germany's Type IX and Type XXI U-boats. We aim to elucidate how these vessels, despite differences, served critical roles in their respective navies.
The Balao-class United States Submarines
When discussing the best submarines in military history, the Balao-class stands as a testament to durability and versatility. These submarines were hardy, with a long service life, and received numerous upgrades post-World War II. The Balao class was succeeded by the Tench-class, which incorporated advanced features to stay competitive in an evolving naval landscape. The most identifiable feature of the Tench class was the fully-enclosed, all-weather conning station in the sub’s sail. This design allowed for improved operational capabilities in adverse weather conditions.
Post-war, the Balao and Tench classes received further upgrades, bringing them closer to modern submarine standards. Many of these submarines are still in service today, with the Taiwanese navy operating a Balao-class submarine. ROCS Hai Shih, the oldest actively-serving submarine in history at 82 years, underwent a significant overhaul in 2017, projected to extend its operational lifespan. This longevity underscores the robust design and engineering of these vessels.
The German Type IX U-boats
Opposing the might of the United States during World War II were Germany's Type IX U-boats. These submarines were part of the last class of traditionally-designed U-boats built by the German navy. By the time the final -D iteration was mass-produced, only 28 were built. The days of the effective wolfpack tactics in the North Atlantic had largely passed, though the Nazis attempted to reignite this strategy.
Post-war, the Allies studied captured examples of the Type IX U-boats out of curiosity, as the designs were significantly outdated. A few specimens remain today as museum pieces or war memorials. Notable among these is U-505, which was the only U-boat, and indeed the only ship of any kind, captured by the U.S. Navy during World War II. U-505 served as the backdrop for the film 'Operation Petticoat' and is now a permanent exhibit in Chicago.
The Technological Marvel: Type XXI U-boats
Germany's Type XXI U-boats, often considered the most advanced submarines of their time, showcased a remarkable level of innovation despite being developed too late in the war to have a significant impact. These submarines were the world's first diesel-electric submarines designed for continuous submerged operation, featuring advanced technology and improved stealth capabilities. The Type XXI was also equipped with the G7e acoustic torpedo, which significantly enhanced its combat efficiency.
Following the war, each of the Allied powers studied the Type XXI, leading to significant improvements in their own submarine designs. The United States, for example, was the only nation to operate a Type XXI submarine, with U-2513 hosting President Truman during a dive to 130 meters. The last Type XXI submarine, U-3008, was scrapped in 1956. U-2540, the sole surviving Type XXI, is now on public display in Bremerhaven, Germany.
An interesting footnote to the story of the Type XXI is the discovery of U-2505, U-3004, and U-3506, the hulls of which were found in half-assed landfill in Hamburg. Although treasure hunters accessed these wrecks, German officials later buried the complex under a parking lot, preserving these historical artifacts for posterity.
In conclusion, while the term 'best' is subjective and context-dependent, the Balao-class, Type IX, and Type XXI submarines each played crucial roles in their respective theaters of war. Though the Type XXI was hailed for its innovative technologies, the Balao-class's durability and versatility highlight a different kind of operational excellence. The impact of these submarines on naval warfare cannot be overstated, and their stories continue to captivate historians and enthusiasts alike.