The Evolution and Modern Usage of the Term 'Retarded'

The term retarded has a rich and complex history, evolving from a neutral descriptor to a deeply problematic one. Initially, something retarded simply meant held back or progressing at a slower pace.

Early Usage and Context

In various fields, such as music, where the term ritardando refers to slowing down a tempo, and engineering, where it can indicate a delay in a process, the usage was straightforward and without the negative connotations it now carries.

Shift into a Criticism and Insult

However, the term began to shift meanings, particularly in the context of mental development. This evolution has led to the term being used as an insult, particularly by the general public. This shift in usage has forced those in the psychological community to reconsider and redefine their terminology.

The use of the term 'retarded' to refer to an intellectual or developmental impairment came to be seen as highly insensitive and offensive. It reflects a deep-seated stigma and discrimination towards individuals with intellectual disabilities. Over the past decades, this term has largely fallen out of usage, with the ethical and social responsibility for language use continually being scrutinized and reevaluated.

Current Terminology and Directions

Psychologists and advocates have worked to de-stigmatize the language surrounding intellectual disabilities by modifying and replacing the term retarded. The terms developmental delay, and intellectual disability have become the preferred methods of description.

Developmental Delay: This term is used to describe any child who is experiencing slower development in their cognitive, social, or physical abilities. It is a broad term and can be used during the diagnostic process for a range of developmental issues, not just intellectual disabilities.

Intellectual Disability: This is a comprehensive term that encompasses the challenges in thinking and learning that many individuals face. It is generally used when the deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior are present before the age of 18. The term intellectual disability also includes the limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, as defined by low IQ scores and deficits in daily living and social skills.

Learning Disability: In the United States, terms like learning disability are often used interchangeably, but it specifically refers to specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, or dysgraphia.

Outside of the United States, the term learning disability can be used more broadly to refer to any impaired ability to learn. However, it is important to note that the term is used in a more nuanced and specific context within the American education system.

The change in terminology is not merely a linguistic shift but a reflection of societal progress towards more inclusive and respectful language use. By adopting terms like developmental delay and intellectual disability, the diagnostic community aims to foster a more supportive and understanding environment for those facing these challenges.

Moreover, the use of more precise and positive language underscores the importance of addressing the root causes of such developmental challenges and ensuring that individuals with intellectual disabilities have access to the resources and support they need to thrive.