The Legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire: A Journey Through History
The question of when Christianity was legalized in the Roman Empire is not a straightforward one. While the overt recognition of Christianity in texts is easy to pinpoint, the nuanced timeline of its acceptance and the factors that led to its legalization are often shrouded in ambiguity and controversy. This article delves into the complexities surrounding the legalization of Christianity, exploring key events and figures that played a role in this significant turning point in history.
Christianity Before Its Official Recognition
The journey of Christianity began earlier than most realize. Non-Christian scholars often refer to an earlier form of belief that predates the widespread recognition of Christianity as we know it today. This belief, which we can call 'Chrestianity,' first appeared around 37 CE. It was a polygamous imperial cult aimed at opposing Messianic Judaism. The term 'Chrestianity' distinguished itself from the religious movements that would later be recognized as 'Christianity.'
The texts that scholars originally used to establish the timeline of the early Christian church are often questioned. Many so-called 'Early Christian texts' and 'Church Fathers' are later fabrications or misinterpretations. The inclusion of the letter #947; in 'Chrest' rather than the #945;, as scholars erroneously claim, is a critical detail that remains largely ignored.
Key Events Leading to Legalization
Several significant events and figures contributed to the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire:
Edict of Serdica (311)
Before the more famous Edict of Milan, Emperor Galerius enacted the Edict of Serdica in 311. This edict was a crucial step towards legalizing Christianity, ordering Roman magistrates to cease using lethal force against Christians. The motivation behind this edict was likely financial; the revenue from confiscating Christian property was no longer sufficient to cover state expenditures.
Edict of Milan (313)
Following Galerius's Edict of Serdica, Constantine and Licinius released an even more significant document, the Edict of Milan, in 313 CE. This edict declared that 'it was proper that the Christians and all others should have liberty to follow that mode of religion which to each of them appeared best.' This decision marked the beginning of religious tolerance for Christians within the Roman Empire and brought an end to the long-standing persecution of Christians by the state.
The 4th Century Under Emperor Constantine
The 4th century marked a significant period in the history of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Constantine, as the first Christian emperor, issued the Edict of Milan, which declared religious tolerance for Christians. This edict did not, however, target Roman paganism, which continued to thrive within the empire. It also did not compel conversions to Christianity or introduce new religious doctrines.
Emperor Julian's Efforts
After Constantine, Emperor Julian attempted to restore Roman paganism as the official religion of the empire. His efforts, however, proved to be unsuccessful. Julian's reign highlighted the continued strength of Christianity in the empire.
Transition to Christianity
In the early 300s, Christianity was only about 15-18% of the Roman population, with Roman paganism still being widely practiced. However, during the reign of Emperor Theodosius I (347-395), Roman paganism began to diminish. Theodosius was a devout Christian and appointed other Christians to high-ranking positions. In 390, Theodosius issued a ban on paganism and declared Christianity as the state religion.
Conclusion
The legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire was a complex process that involved various factors and many influential figures. From the earlier form of 'Chrestianity' to the more widespread official recognition of Christianity, the journey was marked by significant changes in religious freedom and state policies. Understanding this journey helps us appreciate the cultural and religious shifts that shaped the Roman Empire and beyond.