The Timeline of Homophobia: From Ancient Rome to the Christian Era

Homosexuality has been a topic of fascination and controversy throughout history. While the ancient Romans and Greeks were relatively open about sexuality, the modern era of homophobia can be traced back to the rise of certain faiths. This article delves into how and why homophobia evolved over time, focusing on the contrast between the attitudes of ancient civilisations and the stricter perspectives that emerged with the advent of Abrahamic faiths, particularly Christianity.

Attitudes in Ancient Roman and Greek Civilizations

Contrary to popular belief, ancient Roman and Greek societies did not view homosexuality as a taboo. In fact, there was a significant amount of openness and acceptance when it came to same-sex relationships. This acceptance was particularly evident among men, where it was not uncommon for individuals to engage in both romantic and sexual relationships with men. However, societal expectations to marry and procreate still prevailed, and these relationships were often seen as more pleasure-oriented rather than formal partnerships.

It was only when a man was being penetrated in a sexual act that the practice became frowned upon, often viewed as a sign of weakness or degeneracy. This explains the harsh criticism and accusations levied against figures like Julius Caesar, who was accused of having a sexual relationship with Mark Antony. The core of the outrage was not the sexual orientation of Caesar, but the fact that he was not the 'top' in the relationship.

The Emergence of Homophobia with the Rise of Abrahamic Faiths

With the advent of the Abrahamic faiths, particularly Christianity, the perception of homosexuality began to shift dramatically. The rise of Christianity in the 3rd century marked the beginning of stricter homophobia, which would become increasingly prevalent over the following centuries. By the 1600s to the 1900s, homophobia in Europe became particularly intense and widespread.

Several key factors contributed to this change:

1. Jewish views on Homosexuality

The Jewish tradition has historical records of homophobia, with condemnations appearing in the Old Testament. While there are many rules that were not enforced, the Old Testament does command severe punishments for disobedience, including stoning disobedient sons. However, it is debated whether Jewish culture historically took a hard stance on homosexuality.

2. The Influence of Thomas Aquinas

A significant turning point in the development of modern homophobia came with the works of Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century. Thomas Aquinas promoted the idea that only individuals possessed by Satan could engage in homosexual acts. The Catholic Church adopted these writings as part of their doctrine, making these beliefs as authoritative as the Bible. This became deeply ingrained in the culture of Christian Europe, just as religious beliefs about adultery led to severe oppression.

His theories effectively demonized homosexuality and painted it as a deviant and unnatural act, shrouded in eternal damnation. This mindset was reinforced through religious teachings and propagated throughout Europe over centuries, contributing to the widespread homophobia that persists to this day.

3. The Spanish Inquisition

During the Spanish Inquisition, accusations of homosexuality could lead to severe penalties. Wealthy individuals, often targeted by the church, could have their property confiscated. This practice was used to justify the destruction of the wealthy Order of the Knights Templar, where accusations of homosexuality played a crucial role in justifying their persecution.

Conclusion

The evolution of homophobia from ancient times to the contemporary era is a complex narrative with deep roots in religious and societal beliefs. While the ancient world showed varying levels of acceptance, the modern era of strict homophobia is largely a consequence of the rise of Abrahamic faiths, particularly Christianity. Understanding this historical context can help us appreciate the ongoing struggle for LGBTQ rights and the importance of education and awareness in combating homophobia.