Understanding the Difference Between Developmental Disability and Intellectual Disability
The terms 'developmental disability' and 'intellectual disability' often intertwine but have distinct criteria and definitions. This article aims to clarify the differences between these terms to ensure accurate understanding and appropriate support for individuals facing these challenges.
What is a Developmental Disability?
Developmental disabilities are a broad category of conditions that affect individuals during their development. These conditions can include physical, mental, behavioral, or neurological aspects that are present and have an impact before birth. (Source: NDSABN)
A developmental disability is typically defined as any disability that occurs before the age of 18 or 21, depending on the state, and affects a person's functioning in areas such as self-care, language, and independent living. The brain can be damaged at various critical points during development, affecting the normal growth and maturation of skills, often leading to a variety of disabilities including autism and cerebral palsy.
Characteristics of a Developmental Disability
Brain damage that occurs before the age of 18 or 21. Can encompass a range of disabilities, including physical and intellectual. Potential effects can range from physical disabilities like cerebral palsy to cognitive ones such as autism. May be present from birth, or develop during childhood.What is Intellectual Disability?
A developmental disability that specifically impacts intellectual capacity is known as an intellectual disability. Intellectual disability, now more commonly referred to as intellectual developmental disorder (IDD), is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual abilities and deficits in adaptive skills. (Source: Mayo Clinic)
It is typically diagnosed when an individual's IQ score is 70 or below, indicating a significant decrease in intellectual ability and adaptive skills, with these deficits manifesting before the age of 18. Intellectual disability remains a long-lasting condition and can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and quality of life.
Differences Between Developmental Disability and Intellectual Disability
Whereas a developmental disability can encompass a broader range of conditions and affects development before or during adulthood, an intellectual disability specifically targets intellectual abilities and their related adaptive behaviors.
Developmental Disability: Often refers to a range of disabilities that affect brain development, including autism, cerebral palsy, and Down syndrome, and can occur before or during the developmental years. Intellectual Disability: Specifically refers to below-average intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors, typically present before the age of 18, and is often diagnosed through IQ testing and adaptive skills assessments.Examples and Case Studies
To better understand the differences, let's explore a few case studies:
Case Study 1: Developmental Disability and Cerebral Palsy
I have worked in adult education for 25 years and have encountered many cases of individuals born with the umbilical cord around their necks. Most of these individuals have cerebral palsy and utilize walkers, wheelchairs, or crutches. One particular lady had cerebral palsy due to brain damage from the umbilical cord. While her language center was primarily affected, making it difficult for her to form words, she understood what was being said. Communication was a significant challenge, but she adapted using visual aids and non-verbal communication methods. An interesting anecdote involved her need for help with a repair at her unit. She pointed to the building manager's business card, and through the card, the manager was able to help her.
Case Study 2: Intellectual Disability
I also knew a man who was involved in a car accident at age eight and a couple of guys who had skateboarding accidents as teens. These incidents led to brain damage and often resulted in intellectual disabilities, even though the injuries were primarily physical in nature. Such cases highlight the complex interplay between brain damage and intellectual functioning.
Conclusion and Final Thoughts
While the terms 'developmental disability' and 'intellectual disability' are sometimes used interchangeably, it is crucial to understand the specific definitions and implications of each to provide the appropriate support and resources. Each individual with these disabilities has unique talents, interests, and potential.
Please ensure you explore topics such as Learning Styles by Howard Gardner on YouTube for further insights into understanding and supporting individuals with disabilities.
By adhering to these guidelines and definitions, we can better classify and support individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities, ensuring they receive the help they need to thrive.