Why Russia is Sometimes Called the Fatherland

The concept of referring to Russia as the Fatherland or the Motherland is a reflection of deep historical and cultural roots. While the English translation often leads to the term 'Motherland,' Russian speakers might also use 'Fatherland.' This duality is rooted in the intricate heritage drawn from Mongol and Tengrism influences, which have shaped the cultural and political landscape of Russia.

The Fatherland and Motherland

Russians tend to call Russia both the Fatherland and the Motherland depending on the context. When discussing Russia's strength and might, 'Fatherland' is often used. On the other hand, when referring to Russia's bounty and its vulnerability to external threats, 'Motherland' is more common. This duality is a legacy inherited from the Mongols, who brought with them the Tengrinist religion, a polytheistic belief system that revered sky gods.

Origins of the Terms

The terms 'Fatherland' (Отечество) and 'Motherland' (Мать Отечество) each carry their unique connotations. 'Motherland' (Родина) is often translated literally as 'Motherland' rather than 'Homeland' in English, although the correct translation is 'Homeland.' This confusion might stem from the prominence of 'Mother Russia' in foreign languages, often used as a stereotypical term.

Historical Influence

The Mongols conquered Russia in 1238, and their influence on Russian culture, thought, and politics has been profound. The dichotomy between Fatherland and Motherland is a vestige of Tengrism, which was spread by the Mongols and adopted by the Russians. The Motherland/Fatherland distinction reflects the cultural and spiritual inheritance from Mongol rule.

Modern Russians do not commonly refer to their country as 'Mother Russia.' This phrase is more of an external stereotype. The term 'Motherland' (Мать Отечество) is indeed used by some, but the predominant usage is 'Father Russia' (Россия-отчизна) or simply 'Homeland' (Отчизна).

While 'Motherland' (Мать Отечество) is sometimes used, the terms 'Отечество' (Fatherland) and 'Отчизна' (Homeland) are also common. 'Отечество' is the direct translation of Fatherland, emphasizing the paternal aspect, while 'Отчизна' is more neutral, referring to the land one is from. Interestingly, phrases like 'Русь-матушка' (Old Rus' lore) and its literary derivatives 'Россия-матушка' are not commonly used in everyday speech.

Conclusion

The terms 'Fatherland' and 'Motherland' for Russia are a reflection of the complex historical influence from Mongol rule and the Tengrinist religion. While the English-speaking world might use 'Motherland,' Russians tend to use 'Fatherland' or 'Homeland,' emphasizing different aspects of their national identity.