Why We Should Avoid Using High and Low Functioning Labels for Autism

The terms 'high-functioning' and 'low-functioning' when applied to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can oversimplify and misrepresent the complex experiences and unique needs of autistic individuals. These labels are often seen as problematic due to their tendency to oversimplify, overlook individual variability, and stigmatize individuals. This article discusses these issues and advocates for a more nuanced and respectful approach to understanding ASD.

Oversimplification

One of the primary reasons to avoid using high and low functioning labels is because they can greatly oversimplify the diverse experiences of individuals on the autism spectrum. Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning it encompasses a wide range of abilities and challenges. Labeling someone as high- or low-functioning may overlook their unique strengths and difficulties. For instance, an individual might thrive in structured academic settings while struggling in social contexts, or vice versa. These labels fail to capture the complexity and variability inherent in ASD.

Variable Functioning

Another critical issue is the variability in an individual's functioning across different contexts and over time. An individual’s ability to manage daily tasks and interactions can fluctuate based on factors like environmental conditions, stress levels, and personal well-being. This variability underscores the need for a more nuanced and personalized approach to understanding and supporting autistic individuals. The terms 'high-functioning' and 'low-functioning' do not accurately reflect these dynamic changes and can lead to a misunderstanding of an individual's needs and capabilities.

Stigmatization

Using labels like 'high-functioning' and 'low-functioning' can also contribute to stigmatization. These terms often focus more on deficits rather than strengths, which can lead to a negative perception and a limiting view of an individual's value and potential. The labels may incorrectly portray autistic individuals as either all competent or all challenged, which is an oversimplification that fails to acknowledge the unique strengths and challenges each person may have.

Focus on Abilities

A more constructive approach is to focus on individual strengths and potential rather than systematically categorizing individuals. One potential solution is to frame discussions in terms of the support an individual might need. This shifts the focus from deficit to empowerment, recognizing that support can and should be tailored to the unique needs and strengths of each person. For example, an individual who can manage going to the grocery store and work with relative ease might still require significant support in social interactions, just as someone who struggles with daily self-care tasks may excel in non-verbal communication and specialized interests.

Self-Identification

It is also important to recognize that many autistic individuals prefer to define their own experiences and identities rather than being labeled by others. Using person-first or identity-first language that respects individual preferences is generally encouraged. Emphasizing self-identification allows individuals to take ownership of their experiences and identities, leading to a more positive and inclusive understanding of ASD.

Misunderstanding of Support Needs

Additionally, the terms 'high-functioning' and 'low-functioning' can lead to misunderstandings about the type and level of support an individual may need. For example, an individual labeled as 'high-functioning' may still require significant support in certain areas, while someone labeled as 'low-functioning' might have high skills in specific domains. These labels can create confusion and unnecessary barriers to obtaining appropriate support.

Overall, moving away from these labels encourages a more respectful and individualized approach to understanding and supporting autistic individuals. It is crucial to recognize the dynamic and diverse nature of ASD and to focus on the strengths and needs of each individual, rather than relying on outdated and potentially harmful labels.